CAPITALIST’S DOMINATION IN SHIRLEY JACKSON’S THE LOTTERY
THESIS
Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the completion of Strata 1 Program
of the English Department
THESIS
Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the completion of Strata 1 Program
of the English Department
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, “literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. Meanwhile, Collie and Slater (1987: 3) consider that literature is about authentic material which has a great deal with cultural information. It is a valuable complement to such a material to increase the structural understanding of foreign learners’ insight into the country which language is being learnt. One of the literary works which shows the cultural understanding of nature of reality, and society is The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson. It tells about the power of capitalist who monopolize the society through the lottery, the most prominent activity in society.
The power of capitalist is described in some characters in the story. First, Mr. Joe Summers, the most powerful man in the town, owns the largest business, the coal industry. His role in the lottery as an official confirms the town’s people in the town. Second, Mr. Graves is a post master that also has a leading role in the annual lottery, which explains his social standing in the town. He helps Mr. Summers to make the lottery slips and he stores the black box where all the slips are kept in either his barn or in the post office. Third, Mr. Martin has an economic advantage in the town because he is a grocer. He is also an important character because, like Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves, Mr. Martin also holds a leading role in the lottery. Fourth, Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson is the winner of the lottery, and consequently she gets stoned by the villagers, including her family members. Her late arrival to the lottery is justification for her fate, and it is an important symbol in the story. The setting also shows the capitalist's power; it is in small town that the activity of economic centralized in the square of the town.
In line with this, the writer is interested in taking “Capitalist’s domination in Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery “as the title of her thesis proposal.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
With regard to the background of the study, the statements of the problems are as following:
1. How are the characters, conflict and setting in Jackson’s The Lottery described?
2. How is the capitalist’s domination described through those elements in the Jackson’s The Lottery?
1.3 Scope of the Study
To avoid a long-winded discussion, the analysis will be focused on the characters of Mr. Joe Summers, Mr. Graves, Mr. Martin, and Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson along with their conflict. It will also focus on setting of the short story which covers the setting of the time, place, weather, social condition and mood of atmosphere. Finally the capitalist dominance is analyzed through the intrinsic elements of the short story.
1.4 Objective of the Study
The objective of the study can be stated as follows:
1. to describe the characters, conflict and setting in Jackson’s The Lottery.
2. to describe the capitalist’s domination through those elements in the Jackson’s The Lottery.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significances of the study are as follows:
1. For the Writer
a. applying theories and knowledge that the writer gets during her study at the university.
b. increasing the writer’s ability in analyzing a work of literature especially The Lottery short story which will be analyzed by using structural and sociological approach.
c. being a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the completion of strata 1 Program of English Department.
2. For the University
Being a useful reference for those who are interested in knowing more about a work of literature seen from structural and sociological point of view.
1.6 Method of the Study
1.6.1 Method of Research
1. Research Design
In analyzing the object, the writer used descriptive qualitative method. McMillan (1989:414) states that qualitative descriptive analysis is a systematical process of selecting, categorizing, comparing, synthesizing and interpreting to provide explanations of a single phenomenon of interest by giving his description of the study. By using that method the writer analyzed the capitalist dominance through the character, conflict and setting of the story.
2. Source of Data
There are two kinds source of data: primary data and secondary data. Primary data is got from the text; the object of the study is a short story entitled The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson. Meanwhile the secondary data of the research are books, internet, magazine, etc related to the topic.
3. Units of Analysis
The writer analyzed the intrinsic elements of the story; they are characters Mr. Joe Summers, Mr. Graves, Mr. Martin, and Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson; conflicts among those characters; setting of time, setting of place, setting of weather, setting of social condition, and setting of mood or atmosphere. The writer also analyze the extrinsic elements of the short story; that is capitalist dominance seen through its intrinsic elements.
2 Technique of Data Collection
In writing the thesis the writer used library research. In line with this, Fontain and Gibbens state that:
In general, in the library research paper is a study of defined topic, researcher’s task is to read and analyze the published. Materials on the topic to develop a well organized paper based on the reading, and to document the sources of the information carefully (Fountain, and Gibbens, 1957: 123)
By using such method the writer reads books, magazines, journals, and other sources related to the topic.
1.6.2 Method of Approach
There are two methods of approach applied in this thesis as following:
1. Structural approach
The structural approach is an approach of literary work from its internal components. Structural approach focuses on the building aspects of the literary work such as setting, character, and conflict, and harmonious relationship among aspects which enables them to form a literary work (Semi, 1999: 67).
2. Sociological approach
Sociological approach reveals the social condition, which cannot be separated from the literary work. Literary works get influence from society and give influence to the society. Mayer stated that sociology approach emphasize make specifically the nature and effect of the forces that shape power relationship between group of class people (1995: 105). Both method used by the writer to analyze the capitalist dominance through the intrinsic elements of the short story.
1.7 Thesis Organization
In order to make this thesis understandable and easy to written, the writer uses the thesis organization as follows:
Chapter I is introduction. This chapter consists of background of study, statement of the problem, scope of the study, object of the study, significance of the study, method of the research, method approach and organization.
Chapter II is author and synopsis of the story. This chapter consists of biography of Shirley Jackson and her works. It also consists of synopsis of the story The Lottery.
Chapter III is review of related literature. This chapter presents the definition of character, conflict and setting. It also presents the theory of marxist, capitalist and ideology of capitalist as well.
Chapter IV is discussion. This chapter consists of general description of characters, conflicts, and general description of setting in Jackson’s The Lottery. It also presents capitalist’s domination in the Jackson’s The Lottery.
Chapter V is conclusion. This chapter consists of conclusion drawn from the previous chapter.
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Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, “literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. Meanwhile, Collie and Slater (1987: 3) consider that literature is about authentic material which has a great deal with cultural information. It is a valuable complement to such a material to increase the structural understanding of foreign learners’ insight into the country which language is being learnt. One of the literary works which shows the cultural understanding of nature of reality, and society is The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson. It tells about the power of capitalist who monopolize the society through the lottery, the most prominent activity in society.
The power of capitalist is described in some characters in the story. First, Mr. Joe Summers, the most powerful man in the town, owns the largest business, the coal industry. His role in the lottery as an official confirms the town’s people in the town. Second, Mr. Graves is a post master that also has a leading role in the annual lottery, which explains his social standing in the town. He helps Mr. Summers to make the lottery slips and he stores the black box where all the slips are kept in either his barn or in the post office. Third, Mr. Martin has an economic advantage in the town because he is a grocer. He is also an important character because, like Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves, Mr. Martin also holds a leading role in the lottery. Fourth, Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson is the winner of the lottery, and consequently she gets stoned by the villagers, including her family members. Her late arrival to the lottery is justification for her fate, and it is an important symbol in the story. The setting also shows the capitalist's power; it is in small town that the activity of economic centralized in the square of the town.
In line with this, the writer is interested in taking “Capitalist’s domination in Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery “as the title of her thesis proposal.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
With regard to the background of the study, the statements of the problems are as following:
1. How are the characters, conflict and setting in Jackson’s The Lottery described?
2. How is the capitalist’s domination described through those elements in the Jackson’s The Lottery?
1.3 Scope of the Study
To avoid a long-winded discussion, the analysis will be focused on the characters of Mr. Joe Summers, Mr. Graves, Mr. Martin, and Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson along with their conflict. It will also focus on setting of the short story which covers the setting of the time, place, weather, social condition and mood of atmosphere. Finally the capitalist dominance is analyzed through the intrinsic elements of the short story.
1.4 Objective of the Study
The objective of the study can be stated as follows:
1. to describe the characters, conflict and setting in Jackson’s The Lottery.
2. to describe the capitalist’s domination through those elements in the Jackson’s The Lottery.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significances of the study are as follows:
1. For the Writer
a. applying theories and knowledge that the writer gets during her study at the university.
b. increasing the writer’s ability in analyzing a work of literature especially The Lottery short story which will be analyzed by using structural and sociological approach.
c. being a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the completion of strata 1 Program of English Department.
2. For the University
Being a useful reference for those who are interested in knowing more about a work of literature seen from structural and sociological point of view.
1.6 Method of the Study
1.6.1 Method of Research
1. Research Design
In analyzing the object, the writer used descriptive qualitative method. McMillan (1989:414) states that qualitative descriptive analysis is a systematical process of selecting, categorizing, comparing, synthesizing and interpreting to provide explanations of a single phenomenon of interest by giving his description of the study. By using that method the writer analyzed the capitalist dominance through the character, conflict and setting of the story.
2. Source of Data
There are two kinds source of data: primary data and secondary data. Primary data is got from the text; the object of the study is a short story entitled The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson. Meanwhile the secondary data of the research are books, internet, magazine, etc related to the topic.
3. Units of Analysis
The writer analyzed the intrinsic elements of the story; they are characters Mr. Joe Summers, Mr. Graves, Mr. Martin, and Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson; conflicts among those characters; setting of time, setting of place, setting of weather, setting of social condition, and setting of mood or atmosphere. The writer also analyze the extrinsic elements of the short story; that is capitalist dominance seen through its intrinsic elements.
2 Technique of Data Collection
In writing the thesis the writer used library research. In line with this, Fontain and Gibbens state that:
In general, in the library research paper is a study of defined topic, researcher’s task is to read and analyze the published. Materials on the topic to develop a well organized paper based on the reading, and to document the sources of the information carefully (Fountain, and Gibbens, 1957: 123)
By using such method the writer reads books, magazines, journals, and other sources related to the topic.
1.6.2 Method of Approach
There are two methods of approach applied in this thesis as following:
1. Structural approach
The structural approach is an approach of literary work from its internal components. Structural approach focuses on the building aspects of the literary work such as setting, character, and conflict, and harmonious relationship among aspects which enables them to form a literary work (Semi, 1999: 67).
2. Sociological approach
Sociological approach reveals the social condition, which cannot be separated from the literary work. Literary works get influence from society and give influence to the society. Mayer stated that sociology approach emphasize make specifically the nature and effect of the forces that shape power relationship between group of class people (1995: 105). Both method used by the writer to analyze the capitalist dominance through the intrinsic elements of the short story.
1.7 Thesis Organization
In order to make this thesis understandable and easy to written, the writer uses the thesis organization as follows:
Chapter I is introduction. This chapter consists of background of study, statement of the problem, scope of the study, object of the study, significance of the study, method of the research, method approach and organization.
Chapter II is author and synopsis of the story. This chapter consists of biography of Shirley Jackson and her works. It also consists of synopsis of the story The Lottery.
Chapter III is review of related literature. This chapter presents the definition of character, conflict and setting. It also presents the theory of marxist, capitalist and ideology of capitalist as well.
Chapter IV is discussion. This chapter consists of general description of characters, conflicts, and general description of setting in Jackson’s The Lottery. It also presents capitalist’s domination in the Jackson’s The Lottery.
Chapter V is conclusion. This chapter consists of conclusion drawn from the previous chapter.
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